USAGE OVERVIEW
⸺ Purpose
Fractionation columns separate mixtures into individual fractions based on boiling points. By controlling temperature and pressure, components vaporize and condense, achieving desired separation.
⸺ Operation Principle
Fractionation columns operate based on mass transfer and vapor-liquid equilibrium. Heat is applied to vaporize the mixture, and rising vapor contacts descending liquid reflux. Components condense at different heights, while lighter components exit as vapor.
⸺ Trays or Packing
Trays or packing materials enhance vapor-liquid contact. Trays are horizontal platforms promoting mixing, while packing provides interfacial area for efficient mass transfer.
⸺ Distillation Sections
Columns have rectification (bottom) and stripping (top) sections, separating components with different boiling points. Intermediate sections handle components with intermediate boiling points.
⸺ Control and Optimization
Precise control of temperature, pressure, reflux ratio, and tray/packing design optimizes separation efficiency, product purity, and energy consumption.
⸺ Maintenance and Cleaning
Regular maintenance includes inspection, cleaning or replacement of trays/packing, and removal of accumulated solids or fouling substances to ensure optimal performance.